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4.1 Name Computation

User agents MUST compute an accessible name using the rules outlined below in the section titled Accessible Name and Description Computation.

4.2 Description Computation

If aria-describedby is present, user agents MUST compute the accessible description by concatenating the text alternatives for elements referenced by an aria-describedby attribute on the current element. The text alternatives for the referenced elements are computed using a number of methods, outlined below in the section titled Accessible Name and Description Computation.

4.3 Accessible Name and Description Computation

The accessible name and description computation is used to generate both the accessible name and accessible description. There are different rules provided for several different types of elements, nodes, and combinations of markup. Text alternatives are built up, when appropriate, from all the relevant content contained within an element. This is accomplished via steps 2B and 2F, which are recursive, using the full set of rules to retrieve text from its own children or nodes it references.

The purpose of the computation is to create a perceivable label or description for alternative presentations, in the form of a flat string of space separated textual tokens.

The text alternative for a given element is computed as follows:

1. Initialize: Set the root node to the given element, the current node to the root node, and the total accumulated text to the empty string ("").
2. Compute the text alternative for the current node:
   1. If the current node is hidden and is not directly referenced by aria-labelledby or aria-describedby, nor directly referenced by a native host language text alternative element (e.g. label in HTML) or attribute, return the empty string.
      Comment:

      By default, assistive technologies do not relay hidden information, but an author can explicitly override that and include hidden text as part of the accessible name or accessible description by using aria-labelledby or aria-describedby.

   2. Otherwise:
      • if computing a name, and the current node has an aria-labelledby attribute that contains at least one valid IDREF, and the current node is not already part of an aria-labelledby traversal, process its IDREFs in the order they occur:
      • or, if computing a description, and the current node has an aria-describedby attribute that contains at least one valid IDREF, and the current node is not already part of an aria-describedby traversal, process its IDREFs in the order they occur:
        1. Set the accumulated text to the empty string.
        2. For each IDREF:
           1. Set the current node to the node referenced by the IDREF.
           2. Compute the text alternative of the current node beginning with step 2. Set the result to that text alternative.
           3. Append the result, with a space, to the accumulated text.
        3. Return the accumulated text.
      Example:

      The following example shows the meaning of the clause "… and the current node is not already part of an aria-labelledby traversal …" .

      • element1's accessible name is "hello" because this is a first traversal of its aria-labelledby, leading to element3.
      • element2 has no accessible name. The computation involves a first traversal of its aria-labelledby leading to element1, but element1's aria-labelledby is not subsequently followed.

      Example 1

      <element1 id="el1" aria-labelledby="el3" />
      <element2 id="el2" aria-labelledby="el1" />
      <element3 id="el3"> hello </element3>

   3. Otherwise, if computing a name, and if the current node has an aria-label attribute whose value is not the empty string, nor, when trimmed of white space, is not the empty string:
      • If traversal of the current node is due to recursion and the current node is an embedded control as defined in step 2E, ignore aria-label and skip to rule 2E.
      • Otherwise, return the value of aria-label.
      Example:

      The following example shows the interaction of aria-labelledby and aria-label when a node has an aria-labelledby that refers to itself. The <span role="button"> elements have the accessible names "Delete Documentation.pdf" and "Delete HolidayLetter.pdf", respectively.

      Example 2

      <h1>Files</h1>
      <ul>
        <li>
          <a id="file_row1" href="./files/Documentation.pdf">Documentation.pdf</a>
          <span role="button" tabindex="0" id="del_row1" aria-label="Delete" aria-labelledby="del_row1 file_row1"></span>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a id="file_row2" href="./files/HolidayLetter.pdf">HolidayLetter.pdf</a>
          <span role="button" tabindex="0" id="del_row2" aria-label="Delete" aria-labelledby="del_row2 file_row2"></span>
        </li>
      </ul>

   4. Otherwise, if the current node's native markup provides an attribute (e.g. title) or element (e.g. HTML label) that defines a text alternative, return that alternative in the form of a flat string as defined by the host language, unless the element is marked as presentational (role="presentation" or role="none").
      Comment:

      For example, in HTML, the img element's alt attribute defines a text alternative string, and the label element provides text for the referenced form element. In SVG2, the desc and title elements provide a description of their parent element.

   5. Otherwise, if the current node is a control embedded within the label (e.g. the label element in HTML or any element directly referenced by aria-labelledby) for another widget, where the user can adjust the embedded control's value, then include the embedded control as part of the text alternative in the following manner:
      • If the embedded control has role textbox, return its value.
      • If the embedded control has role menu button, return the text alternative of the button.
      • If the embedded control has role combobox or listbox, return the text alternative of the chosen option.
      • If the embedded control has role range (e.g., a spinbutton or slider):
        • If the aria-valuetext property is present, return its value,
        • Otherwise, if the aria-valuenow property is present, return its value,
        • Otherwise, use the value as specified by a host language attribute.
      Example:

      Consider a check box label that contains a text input field: "Flash the screen [input] times". If the user has entered "5" for the embedded textbox, the complete label is "Flash the screen 5 times", e.g.:

      Example 3

      <div role="checkbox" aria-checked="false">Flash the screen <span role="textbox" aria-multiline="false"> 5 </span> times</div>

   6. Otherwise, if the current node's role allows name from content, or if the current node is referenced by aria-labelledby, aria-describedby, or is a native host language text alternative element (e.g. label in HTML), or is a descendant of a native host language text alternative element:
      1. Set the accumulated text to the empty string.
      2. Check for CSS generated textual content associated with the current node and include it in the accumulated text. The CSS :before and :after pseudo elements [CSS2] can provide textual content for elements that have a content model.
         • For :before pseudo elements, User agents MUST prepend CSS textual content, without a space, to the textual content of the current node.
         • For :after pseudo elements, User agents MUST append CSS textual content, without a space, to the textual content of the current node.
      3. For each child node of the current node:
         1. Set the current node to the child node.
         2. Compute the text alternative of the current node beginning with step 2. Set the result to that text alternative.
         3. Append the result to the accumulated text.
      4. Return the accumulated text.

      Important: Each node in the subtree is consulted only once. If text has been collected from a descendant, but is referenced by another IDREF in some descendant node, then that second, or subsequent, reference is not followed. This is done to avoid infinite loops.

      Comment:

      This step can apply to the child nodes themselves, which means the computation is recursive and results in text collected from all the elements in the current node's subtree, no matter how deep it is. However, any given descendant node's text alternative can result from higher precedent markup described in steps B through D above, where "Namefrom: author" attributes provide the text alternative for the entire subtree.

   7. Otherwise, if the current node is a Text node, return its textual contents.
   8. Otherwise, if the current node is a descendant of an element whose Accessible Name or Accessible Description is being computed, and contains descendants, proceed to 2F.i.
   9. Otherwise, if the current node has a Tooltip attribute, return its value.
      Comment:

      Tooltip attributes are used only if nothing else, including subtree content, has provided results.

   Append the result of each step above, with a space, to the total accumulated text.

After all steps are completed, the total accumulated text is used as the accessible name or accessible description of the element that initiated the computation.